What is Vitiligo?
When melanocytes the cells that produce the pigment known as melanin—are killed or cease to function, vitiligo results. Depigmented patches appear on different body parts as a result of this. Although it is not communicable, the illness presents a special medical difficulty because to its progression and appearance.
White spots on the skin are a symptom of vitiligo, a chronic skin disorder marked by pigment loss. People of various ages, genders, and races are impacted by this illness. Although vitiligo is not fatal, it can have a major negative influence on one’s quality of life and sense of self. This article offers a thorough examination of vitiligo, including its kinds, causes, symptoms, and the most recent accessible treatments.

Common Symptoms of Vitiligo
The primary symptom of vitiligo is the appearance of white patches on the skin. These patches may develop on any part of the body, but commonly affected areas include:
- Face: Around the eyes, mouth, or nose.
- Hands and Feet: Particularly the backs of hands and fingers.
- Arms and Legs: Large patches can form on the limbs.
- Hair: Premature graying or whitening of hair on the scalp, eyebrows, or beard.
- Mucous Membranes: Loss of color in tissues inside the mouth and nose.
What Causes Vitiligo?
The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood. However, researchers have identified several potential factors :
Autoimmune Response
In many cases, vitiligo is thought to be an autoimmune condition, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks melanocytes.
Genetic Factors
Vitiligo can run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Specific genes associated with immune function may play a role.
Environmental Triggers
Certain events or conditions can trigger vitiligo in susceptible individuals, such as:
- Severe sunburns or skin trauma.
- Stress, both physical and emotional.
- Exposure to toxins or chemicals.
Oxidative Stress
An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body may contribute to melanocyte damage.
Types of Vitiligo
Vitiligo is classified into several types based on its distribution and progression:
Generalized Vitiligo
The most common form, it involves widespread depigmentation on various parts of the body, often symmetrically.
Segmental Vitiligo
This type affects one side or part of the body, usually appearing at a younger age and progressing for a few years before stabilizing.
Localized (Focal) Vitiligo
Characterized by a few spots of depigmentation in a specific area, this form is often stable.
Universal Vitiligo
A rare form in which more than 80% of the skin loses pigment.